Psychoses, pathological states, and defensive states (or regulatory states) are concepts that represent the level of disorders. Whether or not the loops of forgiveness and help are formed determines the level of disorders. The fact that radical treatment (by psychoanalysis) is possible suggests that the loops of forgiveness and help are formed during our life time; thus, environmental factors have a great influence on us. In contrast, it is natural to argue that the difference between schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorders (i.e., the difference of the type of disorders) can be explained by the genetic factors. In other words, it is impossible that schizophrenia changes into manic-depressive disorders, and vice versa. It has been argued that genetic factors appear remarkably within temperaments. The punitive object and the ideal self, which are the defensive factors, are fixed upon our temperaments. In fact, it is these defensive factors that disturb treatment at various stages of the process and obstruct progress during the radical treatment of psychoses and pathological states. Therefore, even if the radical treatment of psychoses goes well, improving stages among disorders are performed by leaving temperaments behind. Naturally, the more the patient improves in health, the more temperaments are concealed by emotional control.

                  Theoretical Concepts in the Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis

  Schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorders are two of the major types of psychoses. Each disorder has characteristic symptoms from a symptomatological viewpoint. We seldom make the wrong diagnosis given that the symptoms for these disorders can be observed as (objective) abnormalities of speech and behaviors. However, these differences are superficial. When we examine levels of cause, we can find that there are
commonalities with both disorders. This manifests in defects of the loops of forgiveness and help. Then, how does the treatment process of these disorders develop during radical treatment? Considered as a whole, the contents of the first half of treatment are common between both disorders. At the early stage of treatment, we have to suppress symptoms that characterize each disorder (hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia, and mania and depression in manic-depressive disorders). Next, we have to lead patients to the basic defense preparation through making transference psychosis. During the latter half of treatment, the contents of treatment divide. The loop of help precedes the loop of forgiveness in schizophrenia, and the loop of forgiveness precedes the loop of help in manic-depressive disorders. Moreover, schizophrenia moves toward pathological states of the aggressive system, and manic-depressive disorders move toward pathological states of the fragile system. Why are these differences generated? The reason is that temperaments have different influences on radical treatment for each disorder.


             Theoretical Concepts in the Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis

  I use the concept of "pathological states of the aggressive system," referring to borderline, histrionic, antisocial, and obsessive-abortive personality disorders. Each of these disorders lacks the loop of forgiveness, but each has used the loop of help. It is possible to develop relationships of mutual trust during treatment. However, the "relationships of mutual hatred" are always generated due to the lack of the loop of forgiveness as treatment progresses. In other words, the relationship of mutual trust, which has been formed first, is broken off, and the treatment is placed into the scene of bloodshed. Taking efforts to restore this relationship is often ineffectual, and the relationship remains at a base surface even if treatment efforts seem to go well. The treatments are interrupted without dealing with this core theme. In spite of these deficient processes, some researchers often estimate (for self-justification) that treatments have gone well. However, these poor treatments do not result in cures. It is necessary for researchers participating in the treatment of pathological states of the aggressive system to understand and experience the psychodynamics within the loop of forgiveness. 


           Theoretical Concepts in the Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis

  I use the concept of "pathological states of the fragile system," referring to schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid (delusional), and passive-aggressive personality disorders. Each of these disorders lacks the loop of help, but each has used the loop of forgiveness. In contrast to cases of pathological states of the aggressive system, we aim to develop relationships of mutual trust during treatments with pathological states of the fragile system. This is performed based on developing frustration tolerance (patience). Tension is always generated during the early stag of treatment. When the tension is eased, treatment follows, almost in silence. How should we deal with this silence? If a therapist approaches his/her patient immoderately, both therapist and patient will only feel displeasure. Even if displeasure of both is repressed, choking situations cannot be resolved.  A therapist's competence for treatment is placed into the problem just when the treatment is steeped in the "helpless relationship." In other words, it is necessary for therapists to introspect strictly on how much the loop of help has been established. On the contrary, treatments develop in garrulity in cases of pathological states of the aggressive system. Therefore, unless therapists can deal with these two important problems (which are garrulity and silence), therapeutic competence comes into question. Moreover, unless the therapists are highly ranked, they cannot proceed with radical treatments of psychoses in an effective manner.

        Theoretical Concepts in the Integartion Theory of Psychoanalysis

  The antonym referred to as anxiety and defense is turned into a form of neural transmission, expressed as the follows: "defensive factors → displeasing factors," which refers to anxiety (dissociation), and "defensive factors ← displeasing factors," which refers to defense (repression). There are four definitive repressions, which repress four displeasing factors. In contrast, other concepts of the "pseudo-defense mechanisms," which are introjection, projection, intellectualization, and sympathy, refer to the input and the output from the emotion system to the perception or thinking system. These should  be referred to as psychic mechanisms rather than defense mechanisms. Additionally, primitive defense mechanisms (i.e., denial and projective identification) work in combination with repression, pathological identification, and other psychic mechanisms. Pathological identification is generated in mental states where the loops of forgiveness and help are poor and do not work well. Similar defense mechanisms are mentioned within conventional psychoanalysis, but their differences are often indistinct. On the contrary, according to my Emotion Control Theory, many concepts that have been used ambiguously attain very clear positions and meanings. Therefore, it is possible to elucidate more complicated psychodynamics by using these concepts.


            Theoretical Concepts in the Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis

  Our daily life begins with mental activities, such as seeing, hearing, and thinking. The perception system and interlocking movements between the perception and thinking systems, are the most basic of mental activities. In regards to self-consciousness with cognitive functions, I refer to this as the emotion exclusion type of self-consciousness. It is naturally impossible that all psychic phenomena are explained by cognitive functions and self-consciousness. We experience sadness (loneliness) and misery, and anger and hatred, because various contents of perception and cognition stimulate emotions (in the emotional brain). According to the level of emotional control that has been gained, the emotion inclusion type of self-consciousness (the regulatory type, the defensive type, and the dissociative type) is generated. In other words, cognition and emotion (affect) are variously interlocked with each other, while holding their own provinces, and generate several psychic phenomena. However, there are some theories that deny peculiar emotions within conventional psychology. S. Schacter's "two factor theory of emotion" is widely known. The Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis begins by criticizing this theory. Moreover, it is possible that recognition, which does not include emotion, is generated based on cognitive functions mentioned above. However, the generation of recognition which includes emotion depends upon our level of emotional control. Scenarios of normality and abnormality of the mind is accomplished by emotional control.


            Theoretical Concepts in the Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis