1. What is emotion?

 Emotion indicates pleasure and displeasure.

2. What is consciousness?

 Consciousness indicates a choice with respect to pleasure and displeasure.

3. What is emotional cognition?

 Emotional cognition is the understanding of pleasure and displeasure.

4. What is language?

 Language is the expression of pleasure and displeasure.

5. What is linguistic consciousness?

 Linguistic consciousness is the distinction between understanding and expressing by language (of pleasure and displeasure).

6. What is artificial mind?

 Artificial mind (AM) is artificial intelligence (AI) with linguistic consciousness.

7. What is psychological civilization?

 Psychological civilization is the civilization in the near future when artificial mind (AM) is created.

                                                  Various emotion theories

 I have classified and mentioned various emotion theories in The Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis in the Next Generation. From the viewpoint of the Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis, I briefly introduce below emotion theories that I have not taken up.

1. Fight-or-flight response of W. B. Cannon

 The choice of taking either fight or flight as response has various explanations. I understand it as the displeasure-defense system.

2. Basic emotion of P. Ekman

 This concept involves six emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Surprise is not involved in emotion (affection). (What is it then? Refer to The Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis in the Next Generation.)

3. Circumplex model

 This is Russell's circumplex model of affect. Regarding this method, using the axes of "pleasure−displeasure" and "awakening−drowsiness," various affections are arranged. Given the classification of affections, the axis of "pleasure−displeasure" can be naturally set as one axis. Meanwhile, the axis of "awakening−drowsiness" may not be set as the other axis.

4. Stress and Emotion of R. S. Lazarus

 I point out the following in regard to this theory: Emotion always arises even without stress, and emotional control always works even without cognitive evaluation based on a situation.

5. Mentalizing

 They say that some parts are incompatible with mentalizing, including empathy and systematization about emotion. Although I use the emotional control system, my theory is not opposed to mentalizing, including empathy. The systematization of emotion is so poor that deviation is caused by mentalizing, including empathy, leading to oppositions.

6. Robotics

 Asada, PhD in Engineering, states the following: When "tuning, restraint, and active control" are expected, envy and schadenfreude, which is pleasure derived from the misfortunes of others, are elicited through sympathy and compassion. However, only this context cannot result in active control that forms the normal (healthy) human mind. Moreover, although validated (as literature) worldwide, this context gives us an impression that the whole of emotion is mentioned because it takes up only a part of the characteristics of the mind and never the healthy ones.

7. Intracranial self-stimulation behavior

 The experiment by S. Olds and P. Milner (1954) plays a critical role in writing The Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis. My "functional network of neural transmission in the emotional brain," that is, the emotional control system, is created based on their statement on the reward and aversion systems and their description of the model of neural transmissions.

                                                Various emotion theories 

 Bidirectional flows reportedly occur among the brain, emotion, and psychoanalysis: "brain → emotion → psychoanalysis" and "brain ← emotion ← psychoanalysis." How does emotion produce these bidirectional flows? According to my understanding, the issue of "brain and emotion" supposes the emotional brain. We may need to exclude the intention that emotion indicates "physiological excitement ＋ cognitive interpretation" and to examine closely the function of psychotropics. For example, when an individual has difficulty getting up in the morning owing to suffering from nightmares, his/her symptoms may be improved by antipsychotics or antidepressants. Therefore, because of only this fact, emotion cannot be claimed as "physiological excitement ＋ cognitive interpretation."

 Then, this issue of emotion may not be resolved by neurotransmitters in the brain. However, although a patient's symptoms may improve and he/she becomes well with psychotropics, their nightmares subsequent difficulty in waking up cannot be radically resolved. In other words, pstchotropics can restrain symptoms but cannot remove the cause of symptoms. Almost all patients do not inquire about the cause of symptoms. When they become well, they settle for it and continue taking psychotropics.

 What is the radical cause of symptoms? Clearly, neurotransmitters do not cause symptoms. I am convinced that the activation of the displeasure−defense system causes pathological emotional cognition. Therefore, for symptom resolution, it is necessary to recover or create a new function for neural transmissions in the brain to activate the displeasure−regulation system. That is, an operation to obtain healthy emotional recognition is required. Thus, emotional cognition and emotional recognition are indicators of neural transmissions in the brain. Of course, the function of neurotransmitters and psychotropics would still be needed. However, radical resolution occurs from the point of neural transmissions in the brain. Regarding the question of how a normal mind is different from an abnormal one, the following may be displayed: even if the same neural transmissions work, different neurotransmitters function. Meanwhile, although psychological phenomena with the same neurotransmitters may have no differences, psychological phenomena become quite different in different neural transmissions. The latter is thought to be caused by emotional cognition through the displeasure−defense system and by emotional recognition through the displeasure−regulation system.

 Let me say in passing that my patient once talked of his self-sense regarding abnormality and normality of mind: It is getting cloudy from the back of his head and clearing up from the front of his head. Another patient expressed sanity and insanity as inverting glasses. It is natural to understand that these cases are caused by changes in neural transmissions in the brain rather than by change in neurotransmitters.

 As regards to the continuity of "brain ⇔ emotion ⇔ psychoanalysis," emotional cognition and emotional recognition are suggested to have close relations with the neural transmissions in the brain. This is one of the compositions for designating future psychological phenomena and a strong driving force for producing "psychoanalysis in the next generation."

                                                  Various emotion theories