Concerning a specific behavior, it can be necessary to ask whether it is impulsive or planned. A motive for a crime is most serious from a judicial viewpoint. The motive for the crime is indispensable in constructing a crime. It is concerned with accountability and significantly affects judgement. When a behavior is utterly impulsive, the motive for the behavior cannot be asked. At that time, an impulse is like a reflection, and no motive can be generated. On the contrary, when an action is planned, a motive informs the behavior. There might rarely be 100% impulsive or expected behaviors. In reality, the motive is liable to have some impulsivity and some planning.
When a crime happens, and an arrested criminal is punished, the accountability of a criminal is necessarily asked. Assuming that an individual gets involved in an injury case on the street, who commits a crime and how does it happen? For example, a hungry stray dog bites him/her, a pet dog of a shop suddenly bites him/her when he/she passes by the dog, and he/she is cut with a knife by an unknown person.
Regarding accountability, a stray dog has no liability. It is almost impossible for a victim to plan to be in an accident. An administration may start controlling stray dogs, not because a dog has accountability but to prevent it from causing similar harms. How about a pet dog? A pet dog cannot be questioned regarding liability, but then its owner can be asked because an owner is human.
Moreover, a criminal having assaulted an individual with a knife is human and ought to be questioned for liability. However, assuming that this criminal has an auditory hallucination and a pathological experience that their auditory hallucination threatens their harmony, for instance, having hallucinatory thoughts such as "Stub a person! If not, you will be stubbed!" and they end up following such commands. They may not be held accountable. When a criminal has psychosis (for example, schizophrenia) and commits a crime caused by their disease, they cannot be questioned for accountability. When a criminal is addicted to drugs and has a pathological experience created by the same auditory hallucination as psychoses', they cannot be questioned for accountability. However, they are liable regarding the addiction to drugs.
Each motive is carefully examined here. In the case of a stray dog, there is no reasonable mind equal to humans' and no generation of motive. There is only an instinct of annoyance, hunger, and impulsive behaviors. (For example, regarding lions hunting in a group, the presence of motive is not asked). When a human has psychosis without a rational mind, the motive is not generated because normal mind is not present (even temporarily). There is only impulsive behavior instigated by an auditory hallucination. Therefore, it is necessary to examine carefully whether an owner of a dog had some motive, and whether a criminal addicted to drugs had some motive.
It cannot ask motive (of course, accountability) to animals that are not human. In the case of humans, when they suffer from an abnormal mind, their motive cannot be asked (as in, accountability). In other words, animals have only a curious mind from the first (because of having only the displeasure-defense system) and neither accountability nor motive can be questioned. When a person is in the psychotic states, they are affected by an abnormal mindset because of having only the displeasure-defense system and cannot be accountable for their motive. If biting people is not a habit of a pet dog, and the owner incites it to bite a person, such a case is caused by the owner's abnormality. When a criminal addicted to drugs does not know the risk of abnormal behaviors, they are perceived to have a strange mind. Is there a motive in these abnormal minds or not?
The answer is, "motive is present in those cases." Why? There is no will of taking action but only impulse in psychotic states like habits of a pet dog. However, there is a normal (healthy) mind (the displeasure-regulation system) behind awareness of intrigue and risk. In other words, the operation od will is derived from a healthy (rational) mind (the displeasure-regulation system). In contrast, the content of the will is derived from a pathological (abnormal) mind (the displeasure-defense system). It is quite an important truth. All crimes with motive and accountability satisfy this condition. If all contents of the will are healthy (normal), no crime is necessarily caused. Moreover, in a situation where the operation of the will is abnormal, it means that ther is no operation of the will. Then, there is no motive, and only impulsive behaviors are exhibited. Therefore, owing to this reason, it is necessary to understand the generating mechanism of motive later mentioned in this document.
To elucidate the generating mechanism of motive, "the functional network of neural transmissions in the brain," which indicates almost all brain functions bearing on the formation of motive, is needed. In The Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis in the Next Generation, before elucidating the generating mechanism of motive, "Figure 3: the functional network of neural transmissions in the brain" is displayed and the issue: "⇔ thinking system ⇔ perception system ⇔ emotion system ⇔," is carefully examined. After that, the motive is dealt with. Without understanding its premise, an individual might not understand how various neural transmissions occur at the same time. Here, I am going to explain them briefly.
1. The concerned type of the grandiose self → the solitary type of the grandiose self
There are two kinds of the grandiose self. One is the "concerned type" of the grandiose self, which is one of 14 emotional factors that constitute the emotional control system (the functional network of neural transmissions in the emotional brain). Another is the "solitary type" of the grandiose self, which is the operative organization of will and is activated by the stimuli from the concerned type of the grandiose self and "awakening self (consciousness)." The solitary type of the grandiose self does not belong to the emotion system. Both grandiose selves cooperate to work.
The displeasure-regulation system comprises help that controls fragility and forgiveness that manages aggression. When the emotional control system centered on the displeasure-regulation system is established, pleasure stimuli produced by "changing displeasure into pleasure" is released from "the conflict area" into "the conflict-free area." In other words, the concerned type of the grandiose self with firm subjectivity sets up an aim and a task of life and tackles it through cooperating with the solitary type of the grandiose self, which is the operative organization of will, namely the organization of producing motive and intention.
Antonio R. Damasio suggests the close relationship between emotion (and feeling) and will (as I do) in Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain, Inside a Decision-Making Mechanism.
2. The awakening self ⇔ the solitary type of the grandiose self
A stimulus is transmitted from the concerned type of the grandiose self, which constitutes the emotional control system, into the solitary type of the grandiose self which operates the will (for creation of motive and intention), and thence a stimulus is transmitted to two directions. One is performed in the whole brain to produce information through stimulating various organs. Another demands concentration from the awakening self (consciousness). When the awakening self (consciousness) gets notice (intuition) through information transmitted from other brain area, it performs stimulus transmission (for linking notice to insight) into the solitary type of the grandiose self. Then, the solitary type of the grandiose self performs stimulus transmission in the whole brain (again). "Self-consciousness" is stimulated by transmission expanding across the entire brain and forms insight. Concerning insight formation of self-consciousness, the awakening self (consciousness) enables the aim and task accomplished (using nested structure in preconsciousness in which self-consciousness presents and revising its content by working recursion many times).
3. The fusion of subject and object (bringing into not-being) → the awakening self ⇔ the solitary type of the grandiose self → the separation of subject and object (bringing into being)
The emotional control system influences other brain functions through two kinds of the route of neural transmission. The one is the route where the displeasure-regulation system temporarily goes out of the emotion system and stimulates other brain functions (centered on the perception and thinking systems) through the solitary type of the grandiose self. Another is the route where the displeasure-defense system directly stimulates other brain functions (centered on the perception and thinking systems). The displeasure-defense system forms various personality traits and psychic symptoms by using primitive defense mechanisms and pathological identification. While this process progresses, the emotional factors transmit stimuli with the perception system by using projection and introjection. Or they do so with the thinking system by using intellectualization and sympathy. Those stimulus transmissions have various influences on motive, intention, and creation of aim and task.
The displeasure-regulation system affects the generation of every motive and intention. That is, without the cooperation of two grandiose selves, motive and intention are not generated. (Impulsive behaviors caused by various desires are liable to have no motive and intention). Of course, motive and intention affected by the displeasure-regulation system have normal (healthy) contents. Hence aim and task with such motive and intention are also healthy. However, apart from the displeasure-regulation system, the displeasure-defense system with unresolved displeasure involves brain functions centered on the perception and thinking systems. Then, this stimulated content is sent to the awakening self (consciousness) and is included as the content of aim and task with motive and intention. In this case, abnormal (pathological) motive and intention are produced. Therefore, healthy stimuli due to the concerned type of the grandiose self in the displeasure-regulation system and pathological stimuli via the awakening self (consciousness) (due to the displeasure-defense system) are mixed into the solitary type of the grandiose self. For example, although specific motive and intentions seem to be pure and excellent, they cannot be reliable because of having ulterior desires.
Even if the solitary type of the grandiose self is activated, and some aim and task are subsequently produced, it cannot be said that these aims and tasks have a good nature. That is, there are healthy and good aims and tasks based on the displeasure-regulation system and pathological and bad ones based on the displeasure-defense system. If possible, we want to remove the latter aim and task. We should know the kind of nature within the aim and task.
(1) The activation of the grandiose self with direct restraint of the weak object: setting up healthy and good aim and task in a wide field.
(2) The activation of the grandiose self with the route of changing displeasure into pleasure: setting up aim and task centered on an assertion of right and warranty.
(3) The activation of the grandiose self with antisociality: setting up aim and task for antisocial behaviors.
(4) The activation of the grandiose self with perfectionism: setting up aim and task in the fields of an artist, craftsman, and high-tech industry.
(5) The activation of the grandiose self with manic defense: setting up aim and task centered on munitions industry.
Incidentally, when the destructive aggression is used, what kind of aim and task are there? The route where the destructive aggression directly stimulates the grandiose self is the route to form avoidance and antisociality. (See Reference material: personality traits in The Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis in the Next Generation). Destructive actions centered on terrorism are performed around the world. At first, as motive and intention, there are ethnical, religious, and ideological reasons. The displeasure-defense system rather than the displeasure-regulation system functions behind them. After that, aim and task like (3) ~ (5) mentioned above are set up. In this case, the destructive aggression is (unconsciously) liable to be induced, and missile and bomb are launched as the means of performing its aim and task.
No motive is caused in the following cases.
1. Super-personality state (state of enlightenment): a mental state in which an individual does not separate subject from object (bring into being) intentionally.
2. Apathy: a mental state in which two grandiose selves do not cooperate.
3. Depersonalization: a mental state in which an individual is in an ambivalent state and cannot separate subject from object (bring into being). For example, in therapeutic sessions where the patient's auditory hallucination stop session's conversation, symptoms of being unable to feel or having no sense of reality are liable to appear in not only a patient but also a therapist. Depersonalization does not belong to dissociation.
An infinite variety is presented in a proportion of healthy content and pathological content consisting of one motive and intention. Of course, there are countless quite pure motive and intention. On the contrary, many motives and intentions cannot grow to be fully healthy. For example, in a patient who has psychosis, two grandiose selves are not activated, and the displeasure-defense system is rampant. In other words, a three-cornered mental activity caused by the displeasure-defense system, the perception system, and the thinking system produces various psychological states. It makes so-called "positive symptoms" to appear. At the same time, there is no stimulus transmission from the concerned type of the grandiose self to the solitary type of the grandiose self, and also so-called "negative symptoms" are made to appear. A patient falls into "apathy" because a will is not operated and falls into "depersonalization" because the regulatory type of self-consciousness is not generated. (See The Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis in the Next Generation about detail psychodynamics in apathy and depersonalization).
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Digest version of the Integration Theory of Psychoanalysis